Aristotle Essay Essay Example for Free

Aristotle Es phrase EssayAristotle Despite being Platos student, Aristotles views conflict with his teachers. The biggest discrepancy being that Aristotle was a realist he saw the value in studying the physical world and trusted his senses, unlike Plato who believed in the world of forms. Plato believed that we need to visualise beyond the physical world for a metaphysical explanation of the innovation, Aristotle refuted this. Aristotle observed nature and used logic and reason to explain how it works he time-tested to find the action of why things exist and tried to make sense of them. Also, Aristotles approach was imperial and he trusted the use of reason found on his experience. Aristotle rejected Platos dualism he thought that the body and soul ar one, as the brain and body are. This opposes Platos views that the body and soul were separate. Aristotle believed in the four understandings, the principal that everything has four causes of world Material cause refers to what a thing is made of, Aristotle used the example of a bronze sculpture and a silver saucer, Aristotle would say that bronze or silver is the material cause.However, an object can have more than one material cause, for example, the laptop Im typing on is made of malleable, metal, wires and glass these would all be material causes. The material cause also counters Platos theory of the world of forms, he would say that my laptop has a perfect form however, it is made up of individual things in order to be a laptop, all of the things it is made up of mustiness have their own perfect form according to Plato, making his theory contradictive. Formal cause refers to the structure of an object, the shape it takes that makes it what it is.It is what we recognise as the thing we are looking at. An object must have a specific order in order to be what it is, for example, a bronze sculpture is non adept a lump of bronze, and it has been shaped into a sculpture in order to function, as my laptop has been assembled into an order so it works. Efficient cause refers to how the object has changed from a state of potentiality to what it is, for example, the way a bronze sculpture has been taken from a lump of bronze chiselled until it is made into a statue by the sculptor.The efficient cause of an object may not be as simple as this i. e. my laptops efficient cause may vary from machines and people to plastic moulds and screwdrivers. It is the cause of the change. Final cause refers to the purpose of an objects being the purpose of a sculpture might be to be admired, the purpose of my laptop is to let me collect videos of cats playing musical instruments on YouTube. Aristotle uses the example of health being the cause of walking, Why does one walk? he asks, that one may be healthy. The last(a) cause is perhaps the most important of all of the causes.Aristotles understanding did not end there, he said that once something has achieved a state of actuality, it lead be in a state of potentiality, for example, take whiteness, when my shirt is washed and becomes clean and white but it has the potential to become dirty and not white anymore. Aristotle also came up with the idea of the tip Mover. The Prime Mover is, according to Aristotle, the ultimate and final cause of the universe. He said that everything in the universe is in a state of change (motus) so the Prime Mover must exist outside the universe, so that it is not affected by what happens inside.The Prime Mover cannot change, because to change something must exist in a state of actuality and have the potential to change i. e. an actual child is a potential adult. Aristotle does not consider the Prime Mover as a God, because a god is a living being which effects what happens in the world, however, the Prime Mover does not affect what happens in the universe, it is just the cause of it. Aristotle says that the Prime Mover has to exist because the universe has to have a cause. The Prime Mover also has to be eternal, because if something comes into existence it must be caused by something else.

Rates of reaction experiments Essay Example for Free

Rates of chemical reception samples EssayI was planning to observe each(prenominal) chemical reaction for 10 minutes and was able to do so beca subroutine the reactions started getting slow after a while I had a few problems during my prove. The coat of the chips was non exactly the same, each group was made up of chips of approximately equal sizes and this is non exactly completed. In rousing the taste we had to be c arful of stirring it evenly and not aggravating the reaction. The experiment could have been improved in various rooms. Using beads of limestone stick out solve the problem of unequal size of particles.Using a magnetic stirrer can be used solve the problem of uneven stirring of reactants. The use of a more(prenominal) accu swan scale helps in solving the problem of reading off measurements from the measuring cylinder. Drawing the curves of best fit was an accu dictate step I took. My graphs helped in proving my aim, A distinctive trend is shown in the graph as clearly show that sm completely particles react faster than large particles. I was interested in this experiment when I first started. I was interested in seeing changes in the reactants at the end of the reaction. I was rattling satisfied when I found taboo that my assureions were correct.The effect of concentration on Rate of Reaction Aim In this experiment my aim is to find out whether stride of reaction increases when concentration in a reaction is increased. Word equation atomic number 11 Thiosulphate + Hydrochloric Acid Sodium Chloride + south Oxide + Water + Sulphur Chemical formula Na2S203(aq) + 2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + SO2(g) + H2O(l) + S(s) This reaction usually produces a white precipitate, which is the Sulphur and a putrid smell, which is the sodium chloride. Two main factors ar needed in this reaction for it to succeed. The first, being that the reactant particles must meet and collide.If no collisions take place then the reaction cannot happen. Secondly the reaction must have enough button to form a product. The activation energy is the bonny about minimum count of energy that is needed for a product to be formed. at one time the solution has become totally opaque the reaction is complete. This means all the reactant has been used up and the reaction is complete. We can see this if a piece of card with a cross on it is placed under the conical flask. Once the cross is completely obscured from vision, if looking through the conical flask to the bottom, the reaction has taken place.The time it takes for this to happen is measured as the rate of reaction. Purpose of this experiment The purpose of this experiment is to record how long it takes for the cross under the conical flask to disappear under different concentrations. We have chosen sodium thiosulphate to use in different concentrations from a range of 10 ml to 40 ml. I believe 4 concentrations will be a sufficient amount although more can be taken to further the investigation Apparatus needed for this experiment are Conical Flask stop watch White cover marked With X .Chemical needed for the experiment are 1) Sodium thiosulphate 2) Water (distilled) 3) Hydrochloric Acid Fair test I will need to nurture in order to get correct results and to do this I need to keep in mind a list of variables, which are The temperature of apparatus should not change Try to control the surface area of the reaction Try and judge consummately when the X mark is disappearing Fixed amount of Sodium thiosulphate and water supply should be added Prediction I predict that when the concentration of the acid is raised, the rate of the reaction will increase.This is because, when the concentration of acid is higher, more acid particles are present in a precondition volume of the solution, therefore, more acid particles are available to collide with HCl particles. This consequently increases the chances of successful collisions (those resulting in a reaction) occurring. As the collision theory states, the more collisions that occur in a period of time, the faster the rate of the reaction. This is because the reaction only occurs when Hydrochloric acid and Sodium thiosulphate particles collide each other Safety.As safety is the number one priority in this experiment, many safety precautions were taken to make it as safe as accomplishable Goggles were worn to make sure that eyes were protected. Hair and loose jewelry were tied up. A safe distant was kept in shift of any spillages. Any spillages on clothes and skin were rinsed thoroughly immediately. Any spillages on march surfaces and on the floor were mopped up with a damp radical towel. As Sulphur Dioxide can appear to be a hazardous gas, windows and doors were opened to keep maximum ventilation in the room. Method 40 ml of Sodium thiosulphate should be poured in the flask Then 10 ml of HCl should be poured into some other flask 10 ml of distilled water should be poured onto another flask Put a tile containing an X mark under the sodium thiosulphate flask Then mix all these 3 chemicals into one much(prenominal) as pour the 10 ml of water and 10 ml of HCl onto the flask containing sodium thiosulphate. As soon as the reaction starts put the stopwatch on After we saw the reaction between started forming white precipitate which made the X mark look dimmer and dimmer to finally no X mark. As soon as the X mark is not seeable stop the stopwatch and record the time Everytime we finish a reaction we had to use another flask Everytime we start another reaction the concentration of sodium thiosulphate we decrease it by 10 ml and increase water by 10 ml During the experiments the amount of Hydrochloric acid always remains the same at 10 ml The steps are the same for every sunrise(prenominal) reaction on this experiment whether if the concentration even changes Preliminary work Before conducting a real experiment I will do a Preliminary test to check whether the experiment will work out.I have used the same method as shown above and theses are the results I obtained Volume of sodium thiosulphate (ml) water (ml) Hydrochloric acid (ml) clock it takes for X to vanish 3secs Experiment diagram Results The table below shows the results of my real experiment. The experiment was done for 3 times to get the average time taken which can make it even more accurate Na2S2O3 (Ml) H2O (Ml) Volume of HCl (Ml) Trial 1 Time taken (Seconds) Trial 2 Time taken (Seconds) Trial 3.Time taken (Seconds) Average Time taken (Seconds) 40 ml 10 ml 10 ml 000 Conclusion After conducting my experiment and while looking at my results I feel that my predictions were true because I predicted that when the concentration is high the reaction will be fast compared to the reaction with less concentration and same in my result I saw when sodium thiosulphate is 40 ml and water is 10ml the reaction takes 48.83 seconds but when water is at 40 ml and sodium thiosulphate is at 10 ml the reacti on takes 194. 00 seconds Analysis As you can see from the results in the section before, the graphs and recordings clearly show that the concentration does affect the rate of the reaction. As the concentration increases, the rate of reaction speeds up as well. The following graphs clearly state that where the sodium thiosulphate was most dilute, and was at the concentration of 10ml, the rate of reaction took the longest on average and in every experiment taken.The graphs to a fault show that the rate of reaction happened the quickest when the Na2S203 was at its highest concentration. As you can see in the graph, the graph takes a negative correlation in form. The rate of reaction time starts off highest because of the low concentration. As the reactant particles are further apart and there are more spectator ions present, getting in the way of the reaction. These ions do not take part in the reaction but can slow it down as the do act as an obstruction. This makes it very hard fro c ollisions to take place.This prevents the reaction from happening quickly and stops the product from forming quickly. As the concentration slowly increases, the number of spectator ions decreases in the same given volume, which in the experiment is 10cm3. This makes it more likely and easier for collisions to actually occur. This being as it is, it means that the reaction happens quicker and so the products are formed quicker as well. Even though the rates of reaction for the different concentrations were all very different, the cross on the card eventually disappeared in every experiment. The cross did not really disappear though.This is just a phrase used. What really happened was that the solid Sulphur that is formed as a precipitate of the reactions, shields our view and it is an opaque substance. The Sulphur is a milky yellow colour and can be seen when emptying out the contents of the conical flask. It sometimes can leave a residual on the inside of the flask. The rate of rea ction also depends on how quickly all the Sulphur is formed as an end product. This can be certified on the concentration as well. If there are more particles in a given volume there are going to be more atoms that need to bond to make the product.Aim My aim for this coursework is see whether rate of a chemical reaction is affected by the addition of a throttle valve in the reaction How a throttle works There are many ways in which we are able to speed up the rate of reactions. A gas pedal can either increase or decrease the rate of reaction. A positive catalyst lowers activation energy. The particles, therefore, need less energy to react and the process proceeds more quickly. A negative catalyst (an inhibitor) slows down the rate of a chemical reaction by doing the exact opposite.However, it is alpha to realize that the catalyst itself does not take place in the reaction and it is, therefore, not used up in the reaction. Below is an energy diagram presentation the presence of a catalyst. The graph shows the effect of a positive catalyst on the activation energy. When you use a catalyst, there is as much catalyst at the end of the reaction as there was at the beginning. The catalyst is used over and over again. As catalysts work so fast and are used again and again, it is only necessary to have small quantities of catalyst present to make a chemical reaction go faster.Solid catalysts work by providing a surface onto which the reactant particles can attach, react, rearrange and then leave. Catalysts work in a very similar way to increasing surface area, when it comes to the rate of reaction. Catalysts are no different. If you want a solid catalyst to be as effective as possible, it should have the largest surface area possible. By put holes in the catalyst, it will have a large surface area and be more effective at catalyzing a particular reaction than if it was just a solid lump.Apparatus needed for the experiment Delivery Tubes Test Tubes Test tube cla mp Stop watch Stand Chemicals used in the experiment A) Hydrogen Peroxide B) Potato Chippings Fair Test Fair test must be kept in mind to promote accurate results. For this reason I had to keep The same mass for the catalyst The temperature during the experiment shouldnt change Concentration should remain the same Prediction I can predict that when the catalyst will be added to the reaction the reaction will be quicker and faster because of the collision moving faster.I predicted this because when I learnt about catalyst the fist thing that was taught to me was that catalyst increase any kind of reactions Formula Hydrogen Peroxide water + Oxygen 2H2O2 (aq) H20( l ) + O2 ( g ) Method For this experiment the catalyst we will be using is Potato. And it will be cut into pieces of 1cm The method we done our experiment is show below 1) First we need to differentiate up all the apparatus we need during the experiment 2) Put Hydrogen Peroxide inside the test tube and add Potato chipping s (catalyst) 3) Heat the te.

Analysis of Family Waste Production

Analysis of Family Waste ProductionWhat is the amount of waste produced by my theatreOver 42 million cubic meters of general waste is generated every year across the country, with the largest proportion coming from Gauteng (42%). In addition, more than 5 million cubic meters of equivocal waste atomic number 18 produced every year, mostly in Mpumalanga and KZN due to the increase of mining activities and fertilizer production.The amount of waste generated by the average South African is 0.7 kgs. Which means the average 4 person families produces 2.8 kgs a day. But the largest contributors to the solid waste stream by far is mining waste ( 72.3%), followed by pulverized fuel ash ( 6.7%), agricultural waste ( 6.1%), urban waste ( 4.5%) and sewage sludge ( 3.6%).Estimated decomposition rates of most detritus found in landfills areFoamed plastic cups 50 eldPlastic beverage holder 400 yearsDisposable diapers 450 yearPlastic store 450 yearsFishing line 600 years.Glass bottle 1 milli on yearsAluminum can 80-200 yearsPlastic beverage bottles 450 years heraldic bearing sole 50-80 yearsTin can 50 yearsLeather 50 yearsNylon fabric 30-40 yearsPlastic film canister 20-30 yearsPlastic bag 10-20 years ()Cigarette filter 1-5 yearsWool sock 1-5 yearsPlywood 1-3 yearsWaxed milk carton 3 monthsApple core 2 monthsNewspaper 6 weeksPaper 2 to 5 monthsBanana peel 2-5 weeksOrange peel 6 monthsPaper towel 2-4 weeksBatteries 100 yearsfigure 1.1 in appendix 1The percentage contribution of each waste stream to the composition of general waste is illustrated in Figure 1 Appendix 3. Non-recyclable municipal waste contributes 34% (by weight) of the overall general waste, construction and demolition waste, 21%, followed by metals (14%), organic waste 13% and mainline recyclables (including paper, plastics, glass and tyres )(18%). calculate reference page Ref. for sourcingHypothesisMy family produces a average amount of waste.AimThe aim of this experiment is to view and record my house holds daily waste generation and liken it to the average waste production of the average South African family.ApparatusKitchen scaleBag (for measuring weight of bag not included in results)Paper (recording results)Pen (writing down results)VariablesIndependent VariablesThe amount of people in my household (does not changed by choice)Dependent variablesThe amount of waste produced by my householdFixed variablesThe bag used to take measurementsWhen I take the measurementsMethodTake the trash and dived it into 6 different categories (glass, plastic, tin, paper cardboard, organics and non-recyclables).Weigh each division separately and record the resultsCalculate the total for the dayRepeat daily for a week calculating the total at the end of the week as well as the averages of each categoryRepeat for 3 weeks cod appendix 2 for resultsConclusionI have to say that my results are anomalous because my findings fluctuate and I was unable to undertake more tests.To improve my results I w ould Extent the testing period to about least 5 months instead of 3 weeks to view if the results change according to seasonMy household recycles 95% of all of its recyclable materials and all organic materials are either fed to the animals or are thrown onto a compost heap (apart from bones)My family will soon institute a policy of cutting down on the amount of Non-recycleable materials purchasedFigure 1.1 Johannesburg metropolis landfillThe following tables contain the results of the experiment all measurements are in kilogramsFigure 3.1 The waste composition for general waste, 2011 (percentage by mass), other, which is mainly biomass waste from industrial sources) See reference page Ref 1 for sourcingGraph and percentages have been adapted from the national waste information baseline report draft 6, 5 folk 2012 Published by Department of Environmental AffairsMonkeyland South African waste facts http//www.monkeyland.co.za/index.php?comp=articleop=viewid=2790

Understanding Cultural and Ethnic Identities

Understanding Cultural and Ethnic IdentitiesLanguage is an important part of being humans. cosmos able to communicate with each other and not other animals diametricaliates us from other animals. This unique roleistic of being humans also is a dress of diversity in our pagan and cultural undividedity. From birth we argon trained to learn a basic language merely as we grow honest-to-goodness we pick up languages from our environment in our quest to be essentialer up accepted by the dominant cosmos. At least that is how I see it. To generate an in-depth clear of this research paper, we have to define what language, cultural and heathen identities atomic number 18.According to Merriam-Webster, language is defined as a systematic flirt withs of communicating ideas or feelings by the use of conventionalized signs, sounds, gestures, or marks having understood meanings and the combination of methods to be understood by a community (2011). On the other hand cultural indivi dualism element is the influence of ones culture on the development of individuation. Individualist cultures stress the importance of personal achievement and independence. For example, although many Americans, identify with their Irish, West African, Chinese, or Mexican roots (among many others), they still call themselves Americans. Ethnic personal identity is the extent to which one identifies with a fact ethnic theme(s). it refers to ones sense of belonging to an ethnic chemical group and the part of ones thinking, perceptions, feelings, and behavior that is due to an ethnic group membership. The next ten pages will see me go through how language marks our cultural and ethnic identity using my own experience as an African.I was born in Ibadan, Nigeria. Ibadan was the capital of the Oyo Empire and still is the capital of the modern Oyo state. I identity myself original as a Nigerian, and a Yoruba, but that isnt how it was about around 200 years ago. Before the nineteenth century no one was called a Yoruba. The peoples of southwestern Nigeria, the Benin Republic, and Togo who are today referred to by scholars as the Yoruba were, until the late 19th century, organized into a series of some 15 to 20 independent states. (Christopher) These semi semipolitical entities were similar but different. The Oyo Empire oversaw all the political entities and therefore the culture of this people were similar they spoke in a similar language but in different dialect. North-West Yoruba is historically a part of the y Empire. In NWY dialects, Proto-Yoruba /gh/ (the velar fricative ) and /gw/ have merged into /w/ the upper vowels /i / and // were raised and merged with /i/ and /u/, just as their rhinal counterparts, pass oning in a vowel system with seven oral and three nasal vowels. Ethnographically, traditional government is based on a division of power between civil and war chiefs lineage and descent are unilineal and agnatic.South-East Yoruba was in all likelih ood associated with the expansion of the Benin Empire after c. 1450 AD. In contrast to NWY, lineage and descent are largely multilineal and cognatic, and the division of titles into war and civil is unknown. Linguistically, SEY has retained the /gh/ and /gw/ contrast, while it has displace the nasal vowels /n/ and /n/ to /n/ and /n/, respectively. SEY has collapsed the second and third person plural pronominal forms thus, n n w can mean either you (pl.) came or they came in SEY dialects, whereas NWY for example has w you (pl.) came and wn w they came, respectively. The emergence of a plural of respect may have prevented coalescence of the two in NWY dialects.Central Yoruba forms a transitional area in that the lexicon has much in common with NWY, whereas it shares many ethnographical features with SEY. Its vowel system is the least innovating (most stable) of the three dialect groups, having retained nine oral-vowel contrasts and six or seven nasal vowels, and an extensive vowel harmony system. (Adetugb 1973) the term Yoruba is said to be addicted to Oyo Empire by the Hausas who originally called us yaribaBut as the Yoruba people changed from one political power to another, their identity became stronger. The Oyo themselves had adopted the designation Yoruba as a mode of self-reference by the early 19th century, a process probably encouraged by the high status associations of Hausa regal culture and Islam. (Christopher) and with the existence of colonialism and ground War II the Yoruba ethnic group solidified to become what it is today.Yoruba give up from what was a group of political entities with different dialect to uniform folks with a language Yorubas call Yoruba adugbo. The 15 20 dialects which were employed a long time ago became one language. Despite the fact that I come from two royal families of two different independent states with different dialects, I can only speak the common Yoruba language even my parent have had hard times trying to re member the individual dialects.As a Yoruba we have certain Norms which most of us are accustomed to for example when must prostrate when greeting elders, we must respect elders in perpetuallyy personal manner possible. Also we are also known to be people who are headspring educated and successful for example, M.K.O. Abiola, Obafemi Awolowo and Wole Soyinka. This specific qualities gives Yorubas certain privileges with which being able to speak the language comes to an advantage. While I was still living in Nigeria, I spy that people who could speak the Yoruba language were immediately considered as Yoruba and would receive any treatment that is due to a Yoruba. Even when I came to the United States, I went for a college interview and when she my saw my last name she just smiled and started speaking Yoruba to an already nervous me and the interview was a success as I felt homely in my native language. What I am trying to say is that when she saw my last name, her knowledge of th e language helps her to identify me as someone of the same the folk music as herself and further more from my last name she was able to deduce what state I was from and communicate with me in an appropriate way. A similar miscue happened to me when I went to the beach last summer while walking I heard man speaking it was a man whom I didnt know from offer but when he spoke Yoruba I could identify to be a Yoruba man and began to talk like we have known each other for a long time.Research has pointed to an interesting ethnic paradox in the United States. Despite many indications of weakening ethnic boundaries in the white American population (due to intermarriage, language loss, religious conversion or declining participation), a number of studies have shown a maintenance or increase in ethnic identification among whitesThis foreign dualism is partly due to what Gans terms symbolic ethnicity, which is characterized by a nostalgic allegiance to the culture of the immigrant generati on, or that of the old country a love for and pride in a tradition that can be felt without having to be incorporated in everyday behavior (Joane). Bakalian provides the example of Armenian AmericansFor American-born generations, Armenian identity is a preference and being Armenian is a state of mind.One can say he or she is an Armenian without speaking Armenian, marrying an Armenian, doing business with Armenians, belonging to an Armenian church, joining Armenian voluntary associations, or participating in the events and activities sponsored by such organizations.(Joane )While ethnicity is commonly viewed as biological in the United States (with its account statement of an obdurate ethnic boundary based on color), research has shown peoples conception of themselves along ethnic lines, especially their ethnic identity, to be situational and change- able. Barth (1969) first convincingly render the opinion of ethnicity as mutable, arguing that ethnicity is the product of social asc riptions, a kind of labeling process engaged in by oneself and others. (Joane)As one language changes the their notion of ethnicity change a s we further learn According to Joane Nagel that with this perspective in mind, ones ethnic identity is a composite of the view one has of oneself as well as the views held by others about ones ethnic identity. As the individual (or group) moves through daily life, ethnicity can change according to variations in the situations and audiences encountered. Ethnic identity, then, is the result of a dialectical process involving internal and external opinions and processes, as well as the individuals self-identification and outsiders ethnic designations-i.e., what you think your ethnicity is, versus what they think your ethnicity is. Since ethnicity changes situationally, the individual carries a portfolio of ethnic identities that are more or less salient in various situations and with reference to various audiences.As audiences change, the sociall y-defined array of ethnic choices opens to the individual changes. This produces a layering of ethnic identities which combines with the ascriptive character of ethnicity to reveal the negotiated, problematic nature of ethnic identity. Ethnic Constructing Ethnicity 155 boundaries, and thus identities, are constructed by both the individual and group as well as by outside agents and organizations. Examples can be found in patterns of ethnic identification in many U.S. ethnic communities.For instance, Cornell (1988) and McBeth (1989) discuss various levels of identity ready(prenominal) to Native Americans sub tribal (clan, lineage, traditional), tribal (ethnographic or linguistic, reservation-based, official), regional (Oklahoma, California, Alaska, Plains), supra- tribal or pan-Indian (Native American, Indian, American Indian). Which of these identities a native individual employs in social fundamental interaction depends partly on where and with whom the interaction occurs. Thus, a n American Indian might be a mixed-blood on the reservation, from Pine Ridge when speaking to someone from another reservation, a Sioux or Lakota when responding to the U.S. census, and Native American when interacting with non-Indians. Joane Nagel noted a similar layering of Latino or Hispanic ethnic identity, again reflecting both internal and external delimit processes. An individual of Cuban ancestry may be a Latino in relation to non-Spanish-speaking ethnic groups, a Cuban-American with reference to other Spanish-speaking groups, a Marielito in relation to other Cubans, and white in relation to African Americans.The chosen ethnic identity is determined by the individuals perception of its meaning to different audiences, its salience in different social contexts, and its utility in different settings. For instance, intra- Cuban distinctions of class and immigration cohort may not be widely understood outside of the Cuban community since a Marielito is a Cuban or Hispanic to mo st Anglo-Americans. To a Cuban, however, immigration cohorts represent important political vintages, distinguishing those whose lives have been shaped by decades of Cuban revolutionary social changes from those whose life experiences have been as exiles in the United States. Others lack of appreciation for such ethnic differences tends to make certain ethnic identity choices useless and socially meaningless except in very specific situations. It underlines the importance of external validation of individual or group ethnic boundaries.An ethnic groups cultural identity involves a shared sense of the cultural features that help to define and to characterize the group. These group attributes are important not just for their functional value, but also as symbols. For example, for many Puerto Ricans in the United States, the Spanish language is not just a means of communication it also represents their identification as Latinos and their difference from the majority culture. Even if Span ish reading and writing ability is absent, the desire to conserve some degree of Spanish speaking ability may reflect a desire to maintain distinctiveness from the surrounding guildTake me for example I didnt learn my native language until I was about eleven years old. I went to a very expansive school where everything around was English. Therefore, the only my society needed from me at that point in time was English. It was not until I went to live with my grand mom that I started to pick up my native language. My grandmother lived in a more or less rural part of Nigeria were most people spoke Yoruba and as began to mingle with other kids I fortuitously began to pick up the language as the need for communication was apparent in other to be part of the community.At the individual level, cultural identity has to do with the persons sense of what constitutes membership in an ethnic group to which he or she belongs. Each person will have a particular motion picture of the behaviors and values that characterize the groups culture. In my case Yorubas are known to be able insult people especially people from the Oyo empire they are popularly categorized with the term agboku dide meaning someone who can insult the dead to come back to live. While staying with my grandma I was not look at to be a foreigner and precaution was taken when I come to play with other children. When I was in a fight I didnt astonish support because I did not belong, making my whole group triumph at insulting me. But as I started to learn the language I began to gain respect amongst my pairs and felt part of the community. People think twice before coming to insult me and the sense of belonging came to me.The term cultural identity is distinguished here from the related and broader social psychological concept of social identity, as well as from ethnic identity. Tajfel and Turner (1986) define social identity as consisting of those aspects of an individuals self-image that derive from th e social categories to which he perceives himself as belonging. Their notion of social categories is quite broad, encompassing any type of group to which people perceive themselves as belonging. Such categories of course include ethnicity, but can range from school sports teams to professional identifications, from social club memberships to gender or race classifications, and from nationality groups to psychological groups (for example, jocks, yuppies, nerds). amicable identity incorporates both the persons knowledge of membership in particular social categories and the value and feelings attached to those memberships. Ethnic identity can be defined as the portion of an individuals social identity that is associated with membership in an ethnic group (Joane).Cultural identity, while linked closely to both ethnic and social identity, is neither equivalent to them nor coterminous. While both ethnic and cultural identity help the individual to answer the question, Who am I? cultural identity is the component that associates particular cultural features with group membership. Social identity and ethnic identity deal with the symbolic aspects of social categorization the boundary between the in-group and the out-group and the associated affect. A particular individual, for example, may base his/her social identity primarily on gender, while his /her younger siblings may focus more sharply on her Polish background. Thus, the former individuals ethnic identity as a Polish-American would be somewhat less strong than that of the latter individual (Joane).Using the example Joanne Nagel gave, an ethnic identity is only do possible by our language. As one can only know more of one culture by speaking its language. No wonder when ever scientist want to explore a certain ethnic group they start by first learning the ethnics group language. After that, the scientist and people from the ethnic group feel as one and as if they can relate without any barriers.In conclusion , I would like to attest to the fact that that our language marks our identity. the way one speaks directly refers to where one comes from, for example if one speaks French, the person is from either France or French speaking country but the way the person speaks French is always different and from this one is able to deduce if the person is an Ivorian, Senegalese, a French Canadian or proper French. The same is English we have the American English which differ for instance we have a southern way of speaking and the northern way of speaking. This systematic means of communicating ideas or feelings by the use of conventionalized signs, sounds, gestures, or marks having understood meanings and the combination of methods to be understood by a community can differentiate us in all like I am always asked if English was my first language because of my accent and no matter how times I tell them that English is my first language, I keep hearing the same question.

Factors that influences consumer buying behaviour for fast food of mcdonalds

Factors that influences consumer purchase behaviour for fast provender of mcdonaldsIntroductionIn the recent period of time, on that point has been a hasty variety show in the feed habits among UK re statusnts. dissolute pabulum is in United Kingdom since medieval age, it wasnt exactly 21th century fast provender save somehow resembling to todays fast food. Fast food has become a popular trend of British culture as it is been carried a ache way since Roman Empire. The sanctioned roots of fast food argon coming over from America but fast food was in several(predicate) form in every(prenominal) country. It started getting into more of a landwide business when globalisation started its role. It is now one of the multi-million pound sterling industries which boost the UK economy. Fast food was revolutionised in 1902 with the introduction of the automat in America, where nodes started to line up for readymade foods from the dis run into counters or vending machines, paid and either left or ate the food on the premises. The restaurant which made its first step move into UK was KFC in 1965 chase the step, pizza hut came into the food market in the kindly tell 1973 and thus the global fast food leader McDonalds jumped in the course 1974. (Fast food nation, 2009) In 1940s, McDonald brothers introduced new concept of Speedee Service System which revolutionized the restaurant business, the benefits of their system was advertised as Imagine- No carhops-No waitresses-No Dishwashers-No bus boys-The McDonalds system is Self-Service (Scholosser,E, 2002..P20) In the past hardly a(prenominal) years fast food has industry has faced many criticism, people be getting more concern ab tabu sizable diet. Government interaction in to business by banning the advertisement in certain places as well as many campaigns and curriculums atomic number 18 increase following the health awareness among the people. People are getting against the brininessed chips, high fat meals and many other issues.Why fast food is been considered and its amplification in United KingdomEvery day many people are consuming fast food and for many people it is a official evening dinner. Fast food is developing and expanding immensely. A recent survey carried out by BBC world, 2008 shows that 45% of people in UK are likely to represent that they liked the taste of fast food too much to give it up, as well it besides reveals that people in the UK are Europes highest fast food consumers which is due to the popularity of fast food chains in their favourites list.Consumers are having a growing desire for fast food and UK consumers trying to put McDonalds on the safer side in the economic crisis with sales in 2008 beat last years. The per head spending of UK customers in 2007 was 82 in fast food restaurants which is predict to go higher and it will benefit chains like McDonalds and burger King. (Data Source Caterersearch, 2008) The United Kingdom national statis tics in 2009 (Kent K, 2009) suggests that unique nature of workings force has increase due to the rise in names of women working as the employment pattern and style of student including international students and many foreign workers has been increased. According to Schlosser E (2002) with increased mobility and the expansion of urban areas people spent more time in their workplace. This was withal paired with an increasing number of working women in the workplace thus leading to less time allocated for food preparation at home, supporting the argument Glazer F (2009) provides evidence in the research that working moms are more concerned most lack of time to prepare meals in compared to moms who is not working. In such a way, some three spirit quarters of the family food budget was initially spent on fast food meals. Kent K (2009)This increase in the work force from migrant workers, foreign students as well the increase of women in work force has made a big contribution in fas t food success, considering London as the side of this information it is clear that it is the most diverse city of UK with unlike cultures sharing their views and rituals in the city. The fast food has also been driven by multi-cultural people in London, London is considered as one of the most diverse city in the world and where a marketer stinker expect a diverse get behaviour too. Many cultural and communities are menaged in London and the city also expect the numbers of tourist every day, all these different cultures have their unique taste. The multicultural customer has base has forced the marketers to include diverse taste and they have to consider the demand of their multicultural customers. McDonald has taken the initiative by promoting the different cultural promotional menu for example Chinese food promotion and recently launched Indian chicken tikka wrap. The food giants are keeping the diverse customer base into consideration. Snackspot, (2009)The big brands are on a regular basis expanding their menu in outrank to cope with the demand of the fast food customers. The fast food market is getting really high due to the number of consumers getting towards it the industry is growing really rapid and fast food companies making best(p) profits on daily basis. The branded fast food outlets and classic British cafes are the main chains in the industry, the restaurants and take away shops are deeply rooted on the British high roads and at popular shopping centres as well as retail parks, motorway and at many other places.Brandau M, (2009) a recent consumer research has found out that quick service restaurants have gained market through value of offering and tribute menu which has helped them to go through post recession recovery, it is also been revealed that big fast food giants has gained a huge number of affluent customer base as well more typical fast food lovers in this economic downturn which is been named as barbell strategy. As the study sh ow there has been a massive rise in the fast food consumption and every day it is more and more expanding.McDonalds is in the UK fast food market for long but recently there has been a fierce competition between Technology has played its role in almost every business. Technology could be used from improving business to attracting customers into the restaurant. Smithers R (2007) the idea of launching the free internet service in the McDonalds restaurants have helped the company in getting number of customers into the restaurant, Liddle A (2005) also they are teaming up with Nintendo to promote its portable Nintendo DS to attract the gamers, it is kind of great promotion which is building a brand look-alike and it sess attract many teens into the restaurant. The Wi-Fi concept has attracted many students which can help them in savings money on internet. The fast food giants have also started fetching card recompenses few years back which proves to be a convenient method of payment ignoring the hassle of change, card payments has no minimum payment restrictions in many outlets and can be used also for 20p sweet chilli sauce in McDonalds. The card concept was upgraded by Barclaycard arrival of contactless engineering science which was success bounteousy launched at McDonalds. Chain Store Age (2007) mentions that according to a survey conducted by Visa, the use of card payments in the quick service restaurants has been rated a more convenient experience, around 82% consumers agreed with the fact and 77% agreed that it pursues them buy whatever they desired because they were not limited to the cash in their wallets.Pietrykowski B (2004) mentions that fast food industry has faced many critics from many groups in the previous years and its still facing problems from the media and also from the government, in the year 1986 there was campaign started by an Italian which was named slow food movement, at present it comprises 77,000 individual members representing 48 c ountries, Slow food (1989) We are enslaved by revive and have all succumbed to the same insidious virus Fast life, which disrupts our habits, pervades the privacy of our homes and forces us to eat fast food, so slow food is now the sole(prenominal) truly progressive answer, Walsh B (2008) names this movement as the anti-fast food, anti-industrial and anti-agricultural movement. Whereas Pietrykowski B (200412) states slow food movement seeks the preservation of local foods and cuisines by creating and strengthening networks of social relations between consumers and strivers. In return the fast food companies introduced healthy options in their menu adding fruits and nutritional information as well reduce salt to their food. Fast food giants are also keeping up the demand by expanding their menus and trying different promotional tactics. Fast food is considered as an well-off key and recently with the added values to healthy food and also by adding organic ingredients and food to their menus it is drawing attention to many new customers. Glazer F (2009) mentions that McDonalds recently launched the global moms panel to advice the company on issues such as balanced food and communications with the families as well as launched moms quality program insisting on the chains quality and safety standards, and then the food chain has taken a family step towards their products and launching such campaigns can fashion a better trust among their consumers. Sky News (2010), McDonalds has achieved this success by following these steps in to their business as well as their slaying was aided by its superior value at every level of the menu, helping it to push up sales increased by double digits and full year profits growing up to 6% to 2.83 billion.Life style impacting the fast food industry and cultural influence on fast food advertisement and its consumptionLondon is been considered as one of the business capital of the world, similarly one of the most diverse city in the world too, hence the modus vivendi of the city is much different comparing to other UK cities. economist (2003) mentions that before when people needed fatty hot food, they had to cook it. So they had to foreswear time and energy, this has discouraged the consumption but now the mass preparation of fast food took away that concept, nil has to make big effort and nobody has time. The lifestyle of Londoners is getting more and more hectic. The fast food trend has taken the effort of cooking out from the house to the giant fast food companies, people do not melodic theme eating in trains, busses as long as it saves time. Londoners are getting into work more in equation to previous years in London. Kent K (2009)The image above shows the different cities of United Kingdom, which shows London having the highest employment rate in the recent years and again, Economist (2003) the proportion of women going out to work is probably the main force pushing the time-saving trend, Britai n is considered as a topper in convenience food compact as well as the working women league. Within an increase in employment there has also been a change in the working hours of British people, Summerskill (2000) mentions that it is one of the main reasons of time poverty and fast food consumption in Britain. People are working long working hours possibly with few breaks and many doing antisocial hours (typical night hours), or they take second and third jobs to meet their own needs. In UK, one in nine workers do more than 60 hours a week, antisocial working hours and working extra hours are very common, especially in retail industry as many are getting 24/7. (Dailymail, 2008) A research conducted by Oxford Economics consultancy suggests similarly there has been rise in the income which has made the living standards in Britain better, the living standards were been measured taking GDP in to consideration. Another lifestyle based factor is individualism, which is much common in Lo ndon because of many foreign workers and students. Arndt M (2007) In general, the heavy consumption of fast food is a one man in his mid-20s who has a professional job that pays above average wages. Hence the lifestyle is much responsible for the success of the fast food market.Marketers need to consider many things when they start promoting a helpingicular brand or product. As the world is not homogenous, there is a difference in plectron even in the same culture. If we consider London, there are number of multi-cultural people living in the city. A company in order to get success cannot really rely on just one common culture. Rugman A (2001 583) suggests that globalisation does not, and has never, existed in terms of a single world market with free trade, cultural differences has divide the world into the triad blocks. In United Kingdom, Schiffman L, Kanuk L (2007) there is many different societies and culture residing in other term subculture. Subculture is set of people with distinct belief and behaviour, it differs from mere social grouping, is awareness of style and differences in style, language or other phenomena and more complex society. The fast food companies focus on particular subcultures in order to gain the market and to make the advertisement work. Types of subcultures followed by companies in segmentationSchiffman L, Kanuk L (2007)McDonalds has used the concept of sub-culture by diversifying few of their London based restaurants into Halal restaurant, which is certainly a part major muslim community in London. Similarly KFC has followed the same step and has turned 74 out of 700 of their restaurants into Halal certified restaurants, their products are been approved by recognised Muslim association and certificate is been displayed at their restaurants (KFC, 2010). United Kingdom is a very diverse country and considering the fact about the different pagan backgrounds, fast food companies run different events and food promotions in order to attract the consumer towards the brand and towards their product such as oriental menu taking Chinese into consideration and chicken tikka wrap attracting Indians and Pakistani. Furthermore McDonalds acts according to the location. McDonalds restaurant LocationSegmentation stepsManhattan, New YorkThe target customers are working class people coming for breakfast or lunchMaastricht, NetherlandsJakartaThe target customers are families with children, with big playgrounds surrounded by swings, slides etc.The target customers are youngsters and yuppies.Ghauri, Cateora, (2005 P-22)In this competitive period of business, the fast food companies cannot do business without taking international business attributes into the business. It not only helps to gain the local market but it also helps to gain success in the cross border trade. The marketing polices may be needed to change according to different market culture. Fast Foods heavy investment on advertisementWithout a strong recognisable brand name a product is no more than a commodity, with out advertising there is no recognisable brand name. (Wright R, 2000 P-89)Consumer buying behaviour depends mainly on awareness and recognition which is achieved by advertisement. Advertisement can be consider as a way of communication, almost all advertisement contains a persuasive element of sales but it also creates brand and should also deliver a motive. (Sargeant A, Asif S, 2000) The above gives an idea how the advertisement is conducted and which factors are been consider when an advertisement is carried on. In UK, McDonalds identified the need of co-ordinated marketing and advertising policy, in order to gain the market, a company should find out what the customers want, develop products to satisfy them, charge them the right equipment casualty and make the existence of the products through promotion. McDonalds is now the biggest single brand advertiser on British television. Promotional activities and special suggesti ve selling within the restaurant have a tactical role to play in getting people to return to the restaurants regularly. All franchisees benefit from any national marketing and contribute to its cost, currently a fee of 4.5 percent of sales. (The times, 2009)Consumer buying behaviour and Marketing MixFor a person to make a decision, a choice of alternatives must be available. When a person has a choice between making a purchase and not making a purchase, a choice between brand x and brand y, or a choice of spending time doing A or B, that person is in a position to make a decision. Consumer decision depends on many factors, military man brain has two hemispheres one on left and another on the right. It is important for an advertisement to appeal to both sides. This means combining the rational dimension with the emotional component in your brand proposition. If they build a brand personality for a product that has both an emotional and rational appeal then they are appealing custome r decision making. (Schiffman L and Kanuk L, 2004), a various index of repetitive purchase go after a similar buying decision which can be determined through brand, products and other factors. (Ehrenberg, 198828) Knowledge of consumer buying behaviour can help the companies to identify the needs of consumers better and that can lead towards market success. McDonalds is one of the worlds best familiar brands, and the consumer buying decision affects from many point of view. A repetitive purchase can only find if the companies deliver consistently. A model of consumer buying behaviour is shown below which can be applicable to many companies and it helps to identify the consumer buying decision.The model describes the customers perception towards different purchase factors, these factors runs through consumers mind and after a while the consumer can come to conclusion of purchase or no purchase. The Times (2006) has conducted a study on McDonalds, The consumer takes number of externa l and internal factors before making the buying decision. Psychological factors are important, e.g. what image doest the product give or how the consumer feels when purchasing it (eg pound saver menu for quick bitters). The advertisement of the product has to be connect with the realism of the consumer buying behaviour, if the advertisement matches with the consumers emotion then the result will be positive. It is called a black box model. (Kotler, 2004) Jill McDonald, Chief marketing officer of McDonalds UK reveals their idea behind the advertisement of McDonalds that they ever so try to be clear and confident about what they are and what they stand for and they convey in a simple language considering every single person to understand their message as McDonalds have always been customer oriented. Although (The times, 2006) it is essential that the messages which are being distributed by the company to their customers supports each other and there should be brief understanding ke eping brand aspects in the communication and the target audience should be rolled out into action which may include purchase of a product or referring to their friends or family etc, the ticker concept in consumer buying process is to make customer feel positive about the product and (Achenbaum 1989, Lindsay 1990) it is quite fact that advertising is the best etymon in influencing the consumer buying decision and to build a brand image. (ODoneell C, 2005) Marketing mix supports companies marketing and business strategies whereas mix includes price, place, product and promotion, (Kotler P, Armstrong G, Wong V, Saunders J, 2008) mentions that the marketing strategy is linked with the marketing mix in order to achieve the companys marketing aims and objectives, the marketing mix acts as a toolkit in order to establish a strong marketing hold in the target market. A company may use one marketing mix to reach one target market and can differentiate second one to achieve the target mark et. (Pride W, Hughes R, Kapoor J, 2009)Schieffer R, Leininger E, (2008) McDonalds has successfully marketed their product to their targeted customers and has developed well positioned offerings for a manageable group of target segments, which is an sound marketing mix, offers (Baker M, 2003) a right product that meets the customers demand, that is of effective cost to the customer and it effectively delivers the quality and usage of the product which can be purchased with the utmost convenience. McDonalds customer profile is very diverse, family visits with their children for a treat, kids visits McDonalds for fun and youngsters visits considering price and the business customers may visits for a quick service. The specific target can be simple to communicate and the company can convey their message in an effective and efficient way. McDonalds have also tried to offer a product which is demanded by their customers, Jim Skinner, viciousness president of McDonalds limited mention (Sc hieffer R, Leininger E, 2008) that McDonalds always focus on good customer service, quality product and hygienic cleanliness in their restaurants, as well as they always giving tips on management Mr. Skinner mentioned face the facts, listen to your customers because they will tell you what really matters. The company should always keep in mind that they are not the only one offering the product or service, a customer have a choice unless there the company holds a monopoly of particular product. McDonalds has to consider the competitors and taking them into consideration they have to revitalise their menu. The product life cycle is much important for a business to float regularly in profit and with good brand image. (Marketing, 2009) McDonalds has successfully launched new chicken legend burger chicken selects in competing with KFC for their spicy chicken strips, in their menu in the past year as well introducing fish fingers in their happy meal selection. The company also launched a range of healthy products including the organic milk and they introduce ethical standards for their coffee suppliers. McDonalds brand has gone to the basic of marketing communications the new product launched is typically marketed through television and newspaper advertisement. (Justin M, 2009) following this mantra McDonalds always improve their products and services. In order to sustain in the market McDonalds has always been innovative in their products and it will continue to do so. In the below mention diagram the chicken legend and chicken selects product of McDonalds are the recently launched new product or innovation of McDonalds, where as one can say that their popular burger Big Mac is at the maturity stage. (Strategic Management, 2005)Similarly (Haines S, 2008) the price of the McDonalds product reflects the targeted customers decision to purchase the benefit it represents a link between the pricing rationale to value, revenue volume of the product, McDonalds has alwa ys maintained their product when there is reduction in the price in order to compete in the market, usually many companies face the quality issue when they reduce the price of a particular product or services, as the customers mentally thinks that the reduced price products are not really same compared to original product quality. Kurtz D (2008) explains that the pricing objective varies from company to company, the main areas to consider in price objectives are probability objectives, volume objectives, meeting competition objectives and prestige objectives and McDonalds follows a mixture of this objectives into their business. Referenceshttp//books.google.co.uk/books?id=P_ovoY2ZcbkCpg=PA255dq=marketing+mix+modelcd=1v=onepageq=marketing%20mix%20modelf=false

Fallen angels :: essays research papers

In the of importtain Fallen Angels by Walter Dean Myers, we read about thehardships and troubles of the main character, Richard Perry,during the Vietnam war. Richies reason of his part in thewar is unknown to him, but as the expiration and destructionincreases, he realizes that in war there are no parts.In the book Fallen Angels by Walter Dean Myers, we read about thehardships and troubles of the main character, Richard Perry,during the Vietnam war. Richies understanding of his part in thewar is unknown to him, but as the death and destructionincreases, he realizes that in war there are no parts.In the book Fallen Angels by Walter Dean Myers, we read about thehardships and troubles of the main character, Richard Perry,during the Vietnam war. Richies understanding of his part in thewar is unknown to him, but as the death and destructionincreases, he realizes that in war there are no parts.In the book Fallen Angels by Walter Dean Myers, we read about thehardships and troubles of the main character, Richard Perry,during the Vietnam war. Richies understanding of his part in thewar is unknown to him, but as the death and destructionincreases, he realizes that in war there are no parts.In the book Fallen Angels by Walter Dean Myers, we read about thehardships and troubles of the main character, Richard Perry,during the Vietnam war. Richies understanding of his part in thewar is unknown to him, but as the death and destructionincreases, he realizes that in war there are no parts.In the book Fallen Angels by Walter Dean Myers, we read about thehardships and troubles of the main character, Richard Perry,during the Vietnam war. Richies understanding of his part in the

Subject of Family in Lessing’s Flight, Hughes’ Mother to Son, Kincaids

Subject of Family in Lessings Flight, Hughes M opposite to Son, Kincaids Girl and Adrienne Richs Poem, MercedFamily as defined by Websters College Dictionary screw be one of many different people. Family can be your parents, spouse, children, brother, sister, grandmother, uncle, any blood carnal knowledge, or even people who are not blood link that share that common bond (Webster 475). My definition of family is similar to Websters, but I feel that there is more to it than just being a blood relative or close friend. A persons actions, beliefs, and morals play a major role in deciding who makes it into that family group. Family becomes more of an supposition or feeling, like love or hate, than just who a person is or where they fall in your family tree. There have been people that I have considered immediate than family just by their actions, even though they were nowhere near related to me. Fortunately, I have not had any blood relation family members make me handle they were not in my family (maybe my older sister when we were younger, but that doesnt count). While reading from Children and Families in our text, I came across many readings that I feel were stimulate in many different ways by what the author believed was family. There were two readings that jumped out at me and reminded me of my view of how a family should be in their interactions with individually other. They were the short story Flight by Doris Lessing and the poem Mother to Son by Langston Hughes. There was also one writing that I read that went against my idea of family and made me happy that this wasnt the way that my family acted as I grew up, that was Girl by Jamaica Kincaid. And while some authors lean their writing one direction or another, Adrienn... ...s us think that this can happen to any of us, even if we think that we are loved and in a family. This helps us realize how important it is to confirm the family together, throughout anything that happens. While reading through the writings from Children and Families in our textbook, I see many different connotations of what family means either to the generator, or the meaning that the writer is trying to place in their story or poem. Often times the writer is portraying their own culture or that of which they are writing, and at other times they may be taking a straightforward, eye-opening look stand at what family has become to some people and that it needs to be changed back to a positive part of life. Again, a member of your family doesnt have to be a blood relative, they can be anyone who has an impact on your life, positive or negative, friend or enemy.