Rocky Horror Picture Show :: essays research papers

It was a cool, crisp November evening, while five teenagers were hustling and bustling around my house excitedly get ready for their very first showing of the live version of their completely time favorite movie. They knew it would be the best night of their lives. The night of my 15th natal day party, my friends and I all piled into my pargonnts car around 1100 PM and headed off down the road to the Heights Theater. The movie we are about to see is an all time classic. The Rocky Horror Picture Show is the best cult film of all time. The movie has all the three basic elements it should have. It has funny audition involution, wonderful acting, and a great story termination.      Before the beginning of the movie, cast members impart wander around the theater, and yell out various lines from the movie. When the movie drape starts to roll its way up, you see a bright pair of red lips singing. When the lips appear, people will start to yell out their favorite listening participation lines. One of my favorite spots in the movie to shout out lines would have to be in the very beginning when the lips on screen are singing the song "Science Fiction, Double Feature." The song is full of participation lines and props that people can bring to the theater with them. There is one line that I particularly like that comes from this song and it goes a little something like this "and from a deadly place it came from (where?) outer space (Thank you)." Another example of audience participation/prop use would be when one of the characters, Dr. Scott, goes flying through the walls of the laboratory in his wheelchair. As he is rolling down the ramp from where he flew through, another character, Brad, yells out "Great SCOTT" and that&8217s when everyone takes the toilet paper they have brought with them and throws it all over the place. Once all the toilet paper has been stack away by the cast leader, they pick out one person f rom the audience and DOUSE them with toilet paper and it&8217s the funniest sight one will ever see           Even though there is a great amount of audience participation, one really has to turn your attention to the actors in the movie. It takes a special kind of person to really understand the movie they are in.

Free Essays - Hunting Scenes in Sir Gawain and Green Knight :: Sir Gawain Green Knight Essays

Sir Gawain and the atomic number 19 Knight The Hunting Scenes   Often when a story or lesson is to be relayed, the teller will follow the story or lesson by using an example that doubles the lesson. This can be an effective method of portraying a story. in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, the hunt scenes of Bertilak parallel the tests given to Gawain during his stay at Hautdesert Castle.     Bertilaks first hunting scene was of a deer hunt. Bertilak knew when he first started his hunt that he would have to use similar skills against this animal of great speed and nimbleness. Bertilak knew he would have to display patience and stealth to hunt this animal- Back at the castle, Gawain to a fault had to use similar skills to disapprove Bertilaks wifes advances. When first approached by Bertilaks wife, Gawain reacted by lying still as if he were asleep, and so using his alertness and stealth to evade Bertilaks wifes temptations. This was portrayed when the au thor writes, congeal hidden till the flicker of day gleamed on the walls,/Covered with fair canopy/ (1181-1182). Sir Gawain evaded Bertilaks wifes advances using skills of patience and stealth, which paralleled the skills that would similarly be used when hunting deer.     Bertilak then hunts a viscous boar- In this hunt, people and animals were severely injured. Different from hunting a deer, Bertilak must use different skills to hunt the boar. Similarly, Gawain must use a different approach when he is again visited by the lady. Like the boar, the ladys approach to Gawain is more forward. Both Bertilak and Gawain must each use strength, aggressiveness and stamina in their battles. Sir Gawain shows this strength when he says, Tor I dared not do that lest I be denied./ If I were forward and refused, the fault would be mine./ (1494-1495).       In the third and final hunting scene, Bertilak hunts a finesse fox. In this instance, the hunter must use his own wit to outsmart the fox. Bertilak knows this. He uses his intelligence and quick wit to outsmart the fox. Sir Gawain also experienced a cunning test. Gawain used his sly wit against the ladys third visit by cunningly resisting her offers because of his vows and the fact that he is a guest in Bertilaks home. Sir Gawain resists the ladys advances, as well as her offer of an expensive gift, The lady then offered Sir Gawain a green sash.Free Essays - Hunting Scenes in Sir Gawain and Green Knight Sir Gawain Green Knight EssaysSir Gawain and the Green Knight The Hunting Scenes   Often when a story or lesson is to be relayed, the teller will describe the story or lesson by using an example that parallels the lesson. This can be an effective method of portraying a story. in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, the hunting scenes of Bertilak parallel the tests given to Gawain during his stay at Hautdesert Castle.     Bertilaks first hunting scene was of a deer hunt. Bertilak knew when he first started his hunt that he would have to use similar skills against this animal of great speed and nimbleness. Bertilak knew he would have to display patience and stealth to hunt this animal- Back at the castle, Gawain also had to use similar skills to resist Bertilaks wifes advances. When first approached by Bertilaks wife, Gawain reacted by lying still as if he were asleep, and then using his alertness and stealth to evade Bertilaks wifes temptations. This was portrayed when the author writes, Lay hidden till the light of day gleamed on the walls,/Covered with fair canopy/ (1181-1182). Sir Gawain evaded Bertilaks wifes advances using skills of patience and stealth, which paralleled the skills that would similarly be used when hunting deer.     Bertilak then hunts a viscous boar- In this hunt, people and animals were severely injured. Different from hunting a deer, Bertilak must use different skills to hunt the boar. Similarly, Gawain must us e a different approach when he is again visited by the lady. Like the boar, the ladys approach to Gawain is more forward. Both Bertilak and Gawain must each use strength, aggressiveness and stamina in their battles. Sir Gawain shows this strength when he says, Tor I dared not do that lest I be denied./ If I were forward and refused, the fault would be mine./ (1494-1495).       In the third and final hunting scene, Bertilak hunts a cunning fox. In this instance, the hunter must use his own wit to outsmart the fox. Bertilak knows this. He uses his intelligence and quick wit to outsmart the fox. Sir Gawain also experienced a cunning test. Gawain used his sly wit against the ladys third visit by cunningly resisting her offers because of his vows and the fact that he is a guest in Bertilaks home. Sir Gawain resists the ladys advances, as well as her offer of an expensive gift, The lady then offered Sir Gawain a green sash.

Clash of Belief Systems in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter Essay example

Clash of Belief Systemsin The violent Letter Each soulfulness bases their judgment of others upon their have values or belief systems. These values or belief systems are influenced by experiences in the position and at school. The prevailing culture in an arena has a tremendous impact on the belief systems of the tyke as well. It is easy for a child to learn the difference in the midst of right and wrong, plainly they may fail to grasp the fact that the values they are taught are filtered through the belief systems of those who teach. Hawthorne adjudicate the characters in The Scarlet Letter by victimisation his own belief systems - drastically different from those of the Puritans. Instead of the stern, harsh values of the Puritans, Hawthorne sees life through the eyeball of a Romantic. He judges each person accordingly, characterizing each persons ejaculate as the pardonable sin of nature or the unpardonable sin of the gentleman soul. One can infer, by the writing style, that Hawthorne is close forgiving to Hester. He writes about Hester with a feeling of compassion that the descriptions of the other characters lack. Hawthorne approves of Hetsers feeling, vitality, and thirst to overcome the press shackles of binding society. He shows us that although Hester is not permitted to prove her feelings verbally because of social persecution, there is no maven that can restrain the thoughts of the tender-hearted mind. Hawthorne, being a romantic and man of nature himself, can connect to this. If one were to look up the human mating characteristics in a science book one might be shocked or surprised. The human instinct is to have more than one partner not to stay loyal to one partn... ...rew drawn his voice, still rich and sweet had a grief prophecy of decay in it he was often observed on a slight demoralise or other sudden accident, to put his muckle over his heart, with first a flush and then paleness, indicative of pain. (119) Hawtho rne is a romantic and has the personality of one. He is most forgiving to Hester because she is a Romantic person. She lives in a society many years before her time, but she is strong willed and fights societys despite to overcome her own sin. Hawthorne places Dimmsdale somewhere amidst the foggy middle, between these two characters. Dimmsdale is there because he commits no direct sin. By not telling anyone of his secret sin he causes the pain for himself and Hester. He clearly characterizes Chilingworth as the least pardonable because he commits the sin of the heart, the soul, and of God. Clash of Belief Systems in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter Essay example Clash of Belief Systemsin The Scarlet Letter Each person bases their judgment of others upon their own values or belief systems. These values or belief systems are influenced by experiences in the home and at school. The prevailing culture in an area has a tremendous impact on the belief systems of the child as well. It is easy for a child to learn the difference between right and wrong, but they may fail to grasp the fact that the values they are taught are filtered through the belief systems of those who teach. Hawthorne judges the characters in The Scarlet Letter by using his own belief systems - drastically different from those of the Puritans. Instead of the stern, harsh values of the Puritans, Hawthorne sees life through the eyes of a Romantic. He judges each person accordingly, characterizing each persons sin as the pardonable sin of nature or the unpardonable sin of the human soul. One can infer, by the writing style, that Hawthorne is most forgiving to Hester. He writes about Hester with a feeling of compassion that the descriptions of the other characters lack. Hawthorne approves of Hetsers feeling, vitality, and thirst to overcome the iron shackles of binding society. He shows us that although Hester is not permitted to express her feelings verbally because of social perse cution, there is no one that can restrain the thoughts of the human mind. Hawthorne, being a romantic and man of nature himself, can relate to this. If one were to look up the human mating characteristics in a science book one might be shocked or surprised. The human instinct is to have more than one partner not to stay loyal to one partn... ...rew emaciated his voice, still rich and sweet had a melancholy prophecy of decay in it he was often observed on a slight alarm or other sudden accident, to put his hand over his heart, with first a flush and then paleness, indicative of pain. (119) Hawthorne is a romantic and has the personality of one. He is most forgiving to Hester because she is a Romantic person. She lives in a society many years before her time, but she is strong willed and fights societys disdain to overcome her own sin. Hawthorne places Dimmsdale somewhere amidst the foggy middle, between these two characters. Dimmsdale is there because he commits no direct sin. By not telling anyone of his secret sin he causes the pain for himself and Hester. He clearly characterizes Chilingworth as the least pardonable because he commits the sin of the heart, the soul, and of God.

Deon Sanders :: essays research papers

Deion Sanders is an American master football and baseball player. He is one of the few athletes in history to succeed in two professional sports. Deion Luwynn Sanders was born on August 9, 1967 in Fort Meyers, Florida, where he grew up with his mother and stepfather. His parents got divorced when he was really young. Deion loved almost all sports and he was good at all of them. When he was 8 years old he started playing football and even though he was very young, he still was a star. He was even playing teams with kids older than him and still did very well. Another sport he contend was baseball and he played that just as well as football. You might think that Deion didnt have any religion in his past life, but he did. He grew up going to church with his mother. He has never drank or smoked. Since both of his fathers were addicted to those things, he made a commitment to stay away from that. unity day he was with some friends in a car and they were smoking pot. He told them that he didnt do that stuff and they left him alone.Throughout his last school years he played all different kinds of sports. He played football, baseball, basketball and ran track. He was one of the best in all those sports. When he played for his senior high school basketball team he was the leading scorer, and earned the name Prime Time. subsequently his four years playing for his high school team, it was time to start looking for a college. Since he wanted his mother to come see him play, his first pick of colleges was Florida State. He had great careers in all the sports he played in. Before his senior year at Florida State University (FSU), the Yankees took him, so he played professional baseball while in college. While he was in college he decided he would stay away from cursing. So every time he cursed he would dedicate someone 5 bucks. In 1989 he was drafted by the Atlanta Falcons in the first round. In 1996 when he was playing for the Cowboys and Reds he felt miserable, he said, After scoring touchdowns and dancing in the end zone, after a stadium full of cheering fans had finally gone home, I was still empty inside. postal code was making him happy, he tried money, women, and just about everything.

Love One Another :: essays research papers

Love One Another     Well, I sure hope I was not the only one who caught the main meaning oftodays gospel. If you accidently missed the gospel, the main message fromJesus was that he commanded us to "love one another." I gave the message some ruling thinking of "how can I love everybody?" How could I love my enemies?How can I love mortal when they already have a lover? How can I love someonethat I do not know? It is all these "hows."     So how can I love my enemy? After giving it more thought, I set in motion alittle solution. It might not be the best solution, but it will suit my needs.If this enemy offends me, I tell the enemy with my heart that I truly did notappreciate that comment. What does that relate to love your enemy? I wastrying to show my love to my enemy by expressing my feelings.     What about how can I love someone when they already have a lover? Wecan still love someone and stil l be friends or maybe pull down best friends. Thereis nothing wrong in be friendly with someone that already has a lover.     Well, what about how can I love someone that I do not know? An easysolution is to get to know society. Just do not have doubt and end up usingassumption. Be critical, be open, ask questions, and get to know how peers.Okay, but what if I am a shy person? There is wrong being shy. Everybody isshy of something, but shyness can always be reverse. I used to be shy ofsomething, but then I gave it some thought when I was thinking when life wasgetting boring. I thought that if I were more open and sought friendship, my

Death Penalty Essay -- essays research papers

Death Penalty Barbaric or Justice?Julian Ptachin was only 14 years old in October 1997 when a drunk driver smashed into his parents van. His Dad, a physician, had to hold Julian while he died on the side of the road. The drunk driver was a three-timed convicted, repeat offender. He was convicted of second-degree murder and was ordered to serve eight years in jail. Doesnt something seem wrong with this picture? Repeat crime convicts are running have the streets rapid endangering our children, our loved ones, and even us. What can us, as citizens, do to stop these heinous crimes? The Death Penalty. The Death Penalty has been around for several hundred years. genius of the first people to first use the death penalty was the Babylonians who would use the system of an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth.(Matthew 538, KJV) Throughout this reign the Babylonians were very(prenominal) successful and were considered very strong when it came to war tactics. In ancient times there was no repeat offenders, no repeated crimes, and everybody knew what they had to do to stay alive. right away repeat offenders are walking our streets that we walk on everyday. Many newspapers put out names of sexual offenders who are let out on bail, only if yet receive lots of negative feedback for the use of privacy. The American people should have a right to know who the sex offenders are and where i...

Do Judges Make Law

Introduction A righteousnessis an obligatory prevail of conduct imposed and enforce by the sovereign1. Therefore the constabulary of nature is the body of formulas recognized and enforced by the state in the practise of justice. The law is generally made by a sevens, a legislative body collapsen mightiness by the record to draft law. further in the last some decades there has been a opinion that adjudicate get along law. A judgeis a public official appointed or elected to hear and dissolve legal matters in decidehip2, settle exercise judicial author. This involves making attach finales affecting the rights and duties of citizens and institutions.In carrying out this t take, a judge green goddess use any(prenominal) of the sideline three root systems of Ugandan law, Acts of sevens or legislation, the greens law, or previous decisions by the coquets anda constitution Do resolve get hold of law? To ask the question do settle make law? Implies that perhap s to some extent they do make law. A great deal of controversy has concern on this question as to how far judges can legitimately make law although a great number such as lord Bentham involve referred to it as a childish fiction consequently judges cannot make law.Many otherwise scholars more(prenominal) so those that atomic number 18 fol get wastes of the realist school of fancy clearplaced imperative emphasis on the discretion of judges and relegated the rules to an obscure position. It can however not be denied looking closely at the present legal form that judges have played a dominant role in moulding the doctrines of the present law for example the general law which is also referred to as judge made law. Nevertheless today no informed observer disputes that judges do especially those of the Supreme motor inn make law. In the same way the comparables of lord Denning moulded the doctrines of the law of contract and otherwise.To answer if judge make law lets its c rucial to analyse how they do so. The application of condition by judges, whether they be developing the everyday law (for e. g. in areas such as negligence or murder) is the main mechanism whereby judges make law. Precedents are legal principles, created by a court decision, which provides an example or authority for judges decision making similar issues later(prenominal). Generally, decisions of higher courts are mandatory precedent on lower courts that is the principle announced by a higher court must(prenominal) be followed in later cases.Occasionally, judges are called upon to give a ruling or make a decision when faced with a situation for which there seems to be no precedent or any guiding rule. In these circumstances, judges can be said to be formulating original precedent thereby using his own discretion regarding when he thinks rules pack to be applied, changed, improved, or abolished. InA. G v Butterwort3lord Denning states that It may be in the books, exactly if t his be so all I can say is thatthee so one and only(a)r we make it the better.Therefore a judge in using his discretionthe phrase rough-cutly used here is that he decides not on precedent but on principle, the difference is that in one case he is applying a principle illustrated by a previous example, in the other case he is employing a case not previously formulated but consonant with the whole doctrine of law and justice. Further because statutes and common law rules are often too vague and un top it is often inevitable in hard cases for a judge to create new law by deciding cases.The decision of courts of justice when exactly in point with a case before the court are generally held to have a blanket authority, as substantially to keep the scale of justice even and steady because the law in that case has been solemnly declared and determined. Judges set ahead make law by mean values ofstatutory definition. The trend has always been that the legislature makes the law while t he judges interpret it. Legislation may sometimes be ambiguous or unclear. When this occurs, a court will subscribe to to decide between different interpretations of legislation. The common law is judge made law.It has been developed by the courts. It continues to be adapted to lose new situations and changing circumstances. The role of judges in interpreting legislation and the Constitution is similar. The Constitution is written in more brief and general linguistic communication than most Acts of Parliament. This is because it is expected to last longer and be able to accommodate changing circumstances. This style leads to a greater set forth of interpretations. Over the years, the Supreme judgeship has made decisions which have affected the practical operation of the Constitution.The fan tan which is in charge of law making cannot amend to each one and every law patently because it fast becoming obsolete. Therefore when the law becomes unclear judges cannot entirely say its unclear and ask the parliament to rectify it. Judges must take the law into their own hands to and interpret the laws to an extent that is reasonable and in the bounds of law and reason thus they should generally accept function of reforming the law in the interests of clarity, efficiency and fairness.InAiredale NHS v Bland4the issue was whether it was lawful to stop supplying drugs and artificial feeding to Mr Bland, even though it was known that doing so would mean immediate death for him, several members of the house of lords made it clear that they felt that the case raises wholly new moral and well-disposed issues and that it should be decided by parliament, nevertheless the court came to a decision in the best of Mr Bands interests. According to William burnet Harvey A judge in laying bundle a rule to foregather these situations is certainly making a new contribution to our law but only within limits usually well defined.If he has to decide upon the authority of raw(a ) justice or simply the common sense of the thing he employs the kind of natural justice or common sense which he has mantled from the study of the law and which he believes to be consistent with the general principles of English jurisprudence. It is clear from the above statements that, not only built-in interpretation, but also statutes have to be interpreted with the changing times and it is here that the creative role of the judge appears, thus the judge clearly contributes to the service of legal development.This is evidence of the power of the courts in their ability to create law through there simple interpretation of the law. However it should be noted that this is not a power quickly available such that it can be used at the courts convenience. The above analysis shows how judges can make law. However the word make should be used with extreme caution. The above argument is one that can also be used to support the fact that quite an than make law, judges simply declare law. According Lord M.Rthere is in fact no such thing as judge-made law, for the judges do not make the law, though the frequently have to apply existing law to circumstances as to which is has not previously been authoritatively laid down that such law is applicable5. Its therefore relevant to establish the reasons as to why some scholars do not agree with the fact that judges do not make law. why judges do not make law The Constitution provides for a completeseparation of judicial power. This is one limit point on judges because it prevents courts from practice session powers which are not judicial in character.The constitution of the republic of Uganda provides for that existence of three weapons of government, all vested with powers that are in all ways distinct. The parliament by virtue of the constitution is that charged with the duty of making law. The constitution providesthatexcept as provided in this constitution, no individual or body other than parliament shall have the power to make provisions having the force of law in Uganda except to a lower place authority conferred by an Act of parliament6This is a clear example of the supremacy of parliament.Thus the separation of powers is a political and administrative tool that holds the pillars democracy together. And in a country under the rule of law the administration with its well defined limits cannot step into the shoes of the parliament. The constitution is the most supreme law of the land and its prohibition of the other arms of government to make law should be taken seriouslythus if the judiciary is exercising such a powerful role, it should be more capable to criticism and the contempt power should be used only rarely.Otherwise, it will reflect on the judiciary as a dictator Further therules of statutory interpretationfurther prohibition judges from making law. Its generally agreed that in order to interpret statutes judges must use precision found procedural rules. Statutory interpre tation employsthe literal rule, the golden rule and the mischief rule. They are guidelines that must be followed in the interpretation statutes. This is meant to reduce the entry of twist or judges discretion which may be unethically motivated.Therefore a judge who formulates a legal principle for the first time does so as an existing social function of the law and not as a legislative innovation of his own. In general, principles are identified by showing that they are embedded in the open up rules and decisions, The rules of precedent. A precedent is a Legal principle, created by a court decision, which provides an example or authority for judges deciding similar issues later. Precedents are the source of most of judge made law. The common law practically evolved out of precedents.However precedents are bound by rules that limit law making by judges. Decisions of lower courts are not binding on higher courts, although from time to time a higher court will dramatise the reasoni ng and conclusion of a lower court. Decisions by courts of the same level (usually appellate courts) are considered persuasive authority. That is, they should always be carefully considered by the later court but conduct not be followed. The constitution states that all laws must have a binding effect on all persons and authorities.Precedents in their inability to be binding on courts that is higher than them and applying only a persuasive to courts of the same level dilutes theirability to be termed as laws or have the ability to act like laws. Further to render precedents valid they must be founded in reason and justice must have been made upon argument, and be the solemn decision of the court and in order to give them binding effect there must be a current of decisions therefore court judges are not at liberty to exercise their freewill but rather their discretion must pass the test of fairness and reasonability.Conclusion discriminative power involves making binding decisions, affecting the rights and duties of people and institutions, by reference to existing law. Existing law is found in legislation, judicial decisions or common law, and the constitutions. In applying any of these sources of law, judges make law to a limited degree. The term limited should be noted. The power to make law is primarily vested in the parliament and under the constitution judges are under no obligation to make law.However in todays world where time is high-power there is a need to constantly interpret the law to fit the ever changing times. Judges are most paramount at this put because they cannot send laws back for chastening simply because the times have changed. Its up to them to exercise the utmost reasonable discretion and interpret the law in such a stylus that is complementary to the current mode of life in so doing making law. Indeed the power to make law is one that is not vested in judges but it cannot be denied that to some extent they actually do make law.B ibliography 1. William Burnett Harvey,Introduction to the Legal System in atomic number 99 Africa,East African belles-lettres Bureau, Kampala, Nairobi 2. Glanville WilliamsLearning the Law 12thed. mellifluous & Maxwell 2002 pg 111 3. The Constitution Of The Republic Of UgandaArticle 79 4. .Osborns neat Law Dictionary, 10thEdition, Sweet & Maxwell, London. 2005 Pg 238 5.Blackstones Commentaries 69, 70 6. Jacqueline Martin,The English Legal System, 3rdEd. Hodder & Stoughton 2002 pg. 18 7. 1Catherine Elliot,The English Legal System8thedition 1Osbornes brief law dictionary, 10thedition, knave 236 22Blacks law dictionary 3 4 5Att-General v butterwort. 6Article 79, the constitution of the republic of UgandaDo Judges Make LawIntroduction A lawis an obligatory rule of conduct imposed and enforced by the sovereign1. Therefore the law is the body of principles recognized and enforced by the state in the application of justice. The law is mainly made by a parliament, a legislative body g iven power by the constitution to draft law. However in the last few decades there has been a notion that judges make law. A judgeis a public official appointed or elected to hear and decide legal matters in court2,Judges exercise judicial power. This involves making binding decisions affecting the rights and duties of citizens and institutions.In carrying out this task, a judge can use any of the following three sources of Ugandan law, Acts of Parliament or legislation, the common law, or previous decisions by the courts anda constitution Do judges make law? To ask the question do judges make law? Implies that perhaps to some extent they do make law. A great deal of controversy has centered on this question as to how far judges can legitimately make law although a great number such as lord Bentham have referred to it as a childish fiction thus judges cannot make law.Many other scholars more so those that are followers of the realist school of thought haveplaced absolute emphasis on the discretion of judges and relegated the rules to an obscure position. It can however not be denied looking closely at the present legal system that judges have played a dominant role in moulding the doctrines of the present law for example the common law which is also referred to as judge made law. Nevertheless today no informed observer disputes that judges do especially those of the Supreme Court make law. In the same way the likes of lord Denning moulded the doctrines of the law of contract and otherwise.To answer if judge make law lets its crucial to analyse how they do so. The application ofprecedent by judges, whether they are developing the common law (for e. g. in areas such as negligence or murder) is the main mechanism whereby judges make law. Precedents are legal principles, created by a court decision, which provides an example or authority for judges deciding similar issues later. Generally, decisions of higher courts are mandatory precedent on lower courts that is the principle announced by a higher court must be followed in later cases.Occasionally, judges are called upon to give a ruling or make a decision when faced with a situation for which there seems to be no precedent or any guiding rule. In these circumstances, judges can be said to be formulating original precedent thereby using his own discretion regarding when he thinks rules need to be applied, changed, improved, or abolished. InA. G v Butterwort3lord Denning states that It may be in the books, but if this be so all I can say is thatthee sooner we make it the better.Therefore a judge in using his discretionthe phrase commonly used here is that he decides not on precedent but on principle, the difference is that in one case he is applying a principle illustrated by a previous example, in the other case he is employing a case not previously formulated but consonant with the whole doctrine of law and justice. Further because statutes and common law rules are often too vague and uncl ear it is often inevitable in hard cases for a judge to create new law by deciding cases.The decision of courts of justice when exactly in point with a case before the court are generally held to have a binding authority, as well to keep the scale of justice even and steady because the law in that case has been solemnly declared and determined. Judges further make law throughstatutory interpretation. The trend has always been that the legislature makes the law while the judges interpret it. Legislation may sometimes be ambiguous or unclear. When this occurs, a court will need to decide between different interpretations of legislation. The common law is judge made law.It has been developed by the courts. It continues to be adapted to meet new situations and changing circumstances. The role of judges in interpreting legislation and the Constitution is similar. The Constitution is written in more brief and general language than most Acts of Parliament. This is because it is expected to last longer and be able to accommodate changing circumstances. This style leads to a greater range of interpretations. Over the years, the Supreme Court has made decisions which have affected the practical operation of the Constitution.The parliament which is in charge of law making cannot amend each and every law simply because it fast becoming obsolete. Therefore when the law becomes unclear judges cannot simply say its unclear and ask the parliament to rectify it. Judges must take the law into their own hands to and interpret the laws to an extent that is reasonable and in the bounds of law and reason thus they should generally accept responsibility of reforming the law in the interests of clarity, efficiency and fairness.InAiredale NHS v Bland4the issue was whether it was lawful to stop supplying drugs and artificial feeding to Mr Bland, even though it was known that doing so would mean immediate death for him, several members of the house of lords made it clear that they felt that the case raises wholly new moral and social issues and that it should be decided by parliament, nevertheless the court came to a decision in the best of Mr Bands interests. According to William burnet Harvey A judge in laying down a rule to meet these situations is certainly making a new contribution to our law but only within limits usually well defined.If he has to decide upon the authority of natural justice or simply the common sense of the thing he employs the kind of natural justice or common sense which he has absorbed from the study of the law and which he believes to be consistent with the general principles of English jurisprudence. It is clear from the above statements that, not only constitutional interpretation, but also statutes have to be interpreted with the changing times and it is here that the creative role of the judge appears, thus the judge clearly contributes to the process of legal development.This is evidence of the power of the courts in their ability to create law through there simple interpretation of the law. However it should be noted that this is not a power readily available such that it can be used at the courts convenience. The above analysis shows how judges can make law. However the word make should be used with extreme caution. The above argument is one that can also be used to support the fact that rather than make law, judges simply declare law. According Lord M.Rthere is in fact no such thing as judge-made law, for the judges do not make the law, though the frequently have to apply existing law to circumstances as to which is has not previously been authoritatively laid down that such law is applicable5. Its therefore relevant to establish the reasons as to why some scholars do not agree with the fact that judges do not make law. Why judges do not make law The Constitution provides for a completeseparation of judicial power. This is one limitation on judges because it prevents courts from exercising powers which ar e not judicial in character.The constitution of the republic of Uganda provides for that existence of three arms of government, all vested with powers that are in all ways distinct. The parliament by virtue of the constitution is that charged with the duty of making law. The constitution providesthatexcept as provided in this constitution, no person or body other than parliament shall have the power to make provisions having the force of law in Uganda except under authority conferred by an Act of parliament6This is a clear example of the supremacy of parliament.Thus the separation of powers is a political and administrative tool that holds the pillars democracy together. And in a country under the rule of law the judiciary with its well defined limits cannot step into the shoes of the parliament. The constitution is the most supreme law of the land and its prohibition of the other arms of government to make law should be taken seriouslythus if the judiciary is exercising such a powe rful role, it should be more open to criticism and the contempt power should be used only rarely.Otherwise, it will reflect on the judiciary as a dictator Further therules of statutory interpretationfurther bar judges from making law. Its generally agreed that in order to interpret statutes judges must use precision based procedural rules. Statutory interpretation employsthe literal rule, the golden rule and the mischief rule. They are guidelines that must be followed in the interpretation statutes. This is meant to reduce the entry of bias or judges discretion which may be unethically motivated.Therefore a judge who formulates a legal principle for the first time does so as an existing part of the law and not as a legislative innovation of his own. In general, principles are identified by showing that they are embedded in the established rules and decisions, The rules of precedent. A precedent is a Legal principle, created by a court decision, which provides an example or authority for judges deciding similar issues later. Precedents are the source of most of judge made law. The common law practically evolved out of precedents.However precedents are bound by rules that limit law making by judges. Decisions of lower courts are not binding on higher courts, although from time to time a higher court will adopt the reasoning and conclusion of a lower court. Decisions by courts of the same level (usually appellate courts) are considered persuasive authority. That is, they should always be carefully considered by the later court but need not be followed. The constitution states that all laws must have a binding effect on all persons and authorities.Precedents in their inability to be binding on courts that is higher than them and applying only a persuasive to courts of the same level dilutes theirability to be termed as laws or have the ability to act like laws. Further to render precedents valid they must be founded in reason and justice must have been made upon a rgument, and be the solemn decision of the court and in order to give them binding effect there must be a current of decisions therefore court judges are not at liberty to exercise their freewill but rather their discretion must pass the test of fairness and reasonability.Conclusion Judicial power involves making binding decisions, affecting the rights and duties of people and institutions, by reference to existing law. Existing law is found in legislation, judicial decisions or common law, and the constitutions. In applying any of these sources of law, judges make law to a limited degree. The term limited should be noted. The power to make law is primarily vested in the parliament and under the constitution judges are under no obligation to make law.However in todays world where time is dynamic there is a need to constantly interpret the law to fit the ever changing times. Judges are most paramount at this stage because they cannot send laws back for rectification simply because th e times have changed. Its up to them to exercise the utmost reasonable discretion and interpret the law in such a manner that is complementary to the current mode of life in so doing making law. Indeed the power to make law is one that is not vested in judges but it cannot be denied that to some extent they actually do make law.Bibliography 1. William Burnett Harvey,Introduction to the Legal System in East Africa,East African Literature Bureau, Kampala, Nairobi 2. Glanville WilliamsLearning the Law 12thed. Sweet & Maxwell 2002 pg 111 3. The Constitution Of The Republic Of UgandaArticle 79 4. .Osborns concise Law Dictionary, 10thEdition, Sweet & Maxwell, London. 2005 Pg 238 5.Blackstones Commentaries 69, 70 6. Jacqueline Martin,The English Legal System, 3rdEd. Hodder & Stoughton 2002 pg. 18 7. 1Catherine Elliot,The English Legal System8thedition 1Osbornes concise law dictionary, 10thedition, page 236 22Blacks law dictionary 3 4 5Att-General v butterwort. 6Article 79, the constitution of the republic of Uganda

Altruism in humans Essay

Calvin et al (1987) proposed a more selfish view of helping, stressing that people help others to avoid feeling sad (a controvert state) and because it makes them feel good roughly themselves. This is called the Negative State Relief (NSR) model. It doesnt matter whether the negative affect (mood) is caused by witnessing the distress of the victim or whether the helper was already in unfavorable mood. Either way, you help to improve your own mood. Adults may internalise the reward of doing good.. and then, adults in a bad mood may help in order to alleviate their negative state.However if people can relieve their negative mood through some other source (such as sense of hearing a good joke or getting some money) then they do not need to help. Effect of Mood Enhancement (EME) study A variation on Batsons research was carried. Those participants in the high empathy group (i. e. those who sh bed in the same opinions as Elaine or Charlie) were offered some cash during the experiment . Accordingly, they helped less-their negative state at seeing Elaine or Charlie suffer was diminished by the cash.The reduction of their negative state in this was meant that they didnt have to help let down their negative feelings (conclusion). Its been implant in numerous studies that being in a good mood results in more pro-social behaviour. Research have found people to be more helpful after listening to comedy, smelling pleasant odours, after finding money or by going outside on sunny days (Boron and Byrne,199. ). However if people feel their good mood will be affected by helping then they are more likely to not help and walk. Artificial studies all lab studies are extremely artificial and lack ecological validity.Behaviour in the truly world is subject to many other factors, such as social and cultural influences on behaviour none of which are explored in these lab settings. Therefore it is difficult to generalise lab findings to a wider context. People have criticised Ci aldini et al for proposing to negative a view of compassionate behaviour. However the selfish view of human behaviour might be right. ) Helping does help negative state its not in dispute those helping others/ another person in need does lead to an improved mood for the helper. So it has face validity.

Develop Positive Relationships with Children, Young People and Others Involved in their Care Essay

1. Explain why arrogant relationships with boorren and young people ar important and how these are built and maintained Positive relationships with children are prevailing as a child enjoys being with you and feels valued will respond better. They are more likely to enjoy both playing and learning and in turn are more likely to show signs of positive behaviour. Building a positive relationship with children begins with considering their own respective(prenominal) needs and adapting the way in which you work to meet them as effectively as possible. Each child should feel valued, nurtured and acknowledged although as a practitioner the way you go to the highest degree this will vary according to each childs personality and age. With babies for example, physical contact is important, while with slightly older children talking and playing, especially on a one-to-one basis with a key-worker, is a solid building block. Getting the parents touch from the very beginning with several v isits so that the child shadower familiarize themselves with both the practitioner and the setting is key. Consistency is important. The child needs to be confident that they way in which you respond to them and their needs is consistent. Having a key-worker who is solitary(prenominal) there (whether literally or metaphorically) only half of the time is not divergence to inspire confidence in the child which in turn is going to affect their relationship with you. Observing, listening and responding to and respecting a childs needs at whatever age is key understanding that every child is an individual and will respond to different approaches needs to be considered at all times.2. Demonstrate how to listen to and build relationships with children and young people3. Evaluate own authorisation in building relationships with children or young people. While there is always room for improvement, I feel that personally one of my biggest strengths is my relationship with the children in my care, in particular my key children. Feedback from parents has brought to mine and my colleagues attention that I have built up fantastic relationships. My children are happy to be dropped off on a morning and parents have informed me that their children regularly talk about me at home. By spending time with the children in groups andindividually I have learnt what each child needs and responds to. We have a mutual respect for one another and by going out of my way to settle the children when they initially started in the room laid down the foundations for building strong bonds which have lasted even after they have moved on upstairs. Outcome 2 Be satisfactory to build positive relationships with people involved in the care of children and young people The learner can1. Explain why positive relationships with people involved in the care of children and young people are importantBecause you are working together with the same goals in order to help the child, having a positive rel ationship with others you are working with is important. Your everyday colleagues and yourself should have strong working relationship as children are very intuitional and can pick up each tensions around them, effecting their behaviour and development. Working as a team to provide all the children in your care is an absolute must and it makes everything a lot easier for everyone (adult or child) if all involved have a strong relationship. If you and your colleagues have poor relationships, communication begins to break down and you may be working towards different outcomes which are both confusing and unproductive. It is equally important that any outside agencies involved in the care of a child, such as a Speech, Language and discourse Officer, is able to build up a good working relationship with yourself. Knowing the child best you need to be able to outstrip on any observations and personal judgements to be able to give the agencies an idea of what needs to be done. You will be helping one another to work with the child the achieve their full potential and if not reading from the same hymn sheet so to say, you will be hindering as opposed to helping, retention the child back at best. Carers and parents are probably the most important people to build a relationship with, second only to the child themselves. A good relationship means that you can pass on information effectively. They are able to inform you of how the child has been outside of the setting they can pass on any wishes, such as when to begin potty training, knowing that you will be working with them to achieve the goal they are, most importantly, comfortable release their child in your care on a regular basis.

Battle of Gettysburg and Union

The scrap of Gettysburg was the turning point of the American urbane War. This is the nearly famous and important Civil War betrothal that occurred on July 1st-3rd 1863 in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. More importantly Gettysburg was the clash between the twain major American Cultures of their age the North and the South. The Confederacy had an agricultural economy producing tobacco, corn, and cotton, with many large plantations owned by a few very rich white males. These owners lived off the persistence of sharecroppers and slaves, charging high dues for use of their land.The Southern or Confederate Army was made up of a group of white males fighting for their independence from federal Yankee dictates. The legal jointure economy was based on manufacturing, and even the minorities in the North were better off than those in the South most of the time. The Northern politicians wanted tariffs, and a large army. The Southern plantation owners wanted the exact opposite. The South was fighting against a government because they thought they were being treated unfair. An analysis of the Battle of Gettysburg reveals angiotensin converting enzyme challenge facing the Union and the Confederacy was unjustified taxes and slavery.The battle began on July 1, 1863. The Battle of Gettysburg began when the Confederate cavalry ran into the Union horsemen. Both sides then called for backup. The Confederates back up arrived first they now had twice as many men as the union. Soon after Union General John Reynolds arrived, he was shot in the back of the head and killed instantly. They confederates drove the Union in the south of town. Everyone set up for battle and waited until day two. The excitement of the battle began on day two, July 2, 1863. By morning, one hundred fifty thousand Union and Confederate parade had joined at little Pennsylvania town.The Confederates occupied a line west of the Emmetsburg Road, along the Seminary Ridge. While the Union men waited along Ceme tery Ridge. The union had an advantage because Cemetery Ridge was a somewhat more elevated. On day two the Union won overall. The following events occured on day two Little Round Top, Devils Den, Battle of the Wheatfield, Battle of the Peach Orchard, and the Battle of Cemetery Hill. The number of casualties in the Battle of Gettysburg was enormous compared to any war. The casualties of just day two are the union at 8,750 and the confederate at 6,500. One of the major events from day two was the Devils Den.It is unique because the Confederate won which was very uncommon. Devils Den is the name given to a ridge strewn with large boulders south of the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, and about 500 yards west of Little Round Top on the Battle of Gettysburg battlefield. The origin of the name is uncertain. On July 2, 1863, the second day of the Battle of Gettysburg, the area around Devils Den saying intense fighting as part of General Robert E. Lees flank besets, when police lieutena nt General James Longstreets Confederate corps attacked the divisions of Major General Daniel Sickles III Corps of the Army of the Potomac.Some 5,500 Confederates from Major General John gong thugs division ultimately captured Devils Den from 2,400 defenders drawn from Major General David Bell Birneys division. It was one of the few Southern successes in that days fighting. Total casualty estimates are over 800 for the Union, more than 1,800 among the Confederates. (The Devils Den) This event/location is also significant because Major General John Bell Hood was wounded and was forced to yield his command. T here were two main locations of the Battle of Gettysburg, they were Little and Big Round Top.Little Round top is the smaller of the two. It is fit(p) between Taneytown and Emmetsburg roads. At the time of the battle it was known locally by various names including Sugar Loaf. (Little Round Top) Major General Governor K. Warren, principal engineer of the Army of the Potomac, rushed troops to Little Round Top they arrived minutes before the Confederates did. The 20th Maine Regiment charged late in the battle, which counterpoint a flanking attempt by the 15th Alabama. Overall the battle at Little Round top the union won. The final day of battle was on July 3, 1863.Both the Confederates and the Union had their plains of winning the battle. Robert E. Lee from the Confederate side decided they should charge into the middle of the Union line and break the line into two. When Robert E. Lee decided on the Plan to charge through the middle of the Union line Major General George Pickett knew it would non succeed. He tried to talk Lee out of it, exclusively Lee instructed Pickett to charge. Major Picket followed these orders. This is known as Picketts Charge. The charge took place between Seminary and Cemetery ridges, Gettysburg battlefield, Pennsylvania. (Picketts Charge)While all of this was occurring General Slocum attacked Confederate troops at Culps Hill t o regain territory loss the previous day. This fight lasted for a good 8 hours finally forcing the Confederates to retreat off of Culps Hill. (Gettysburg Day Three) In the end the Union won. Culps Hill was the right-most flank of the fishhook line formed by Union Army troops during the Battle of Gettysburg and saw fighting all three days of the battle. Culps Hill has two rounded peaks with a narrow s tallyle between them.Although heavily wooded and absurd for artillery, the main peak of Culps Hill rises substantially to a higher place the surrounding landscape, at a little over 200 feet above the town of Gettysburg and 127 feet higher(prenominal) than Cemetery Hill. With Baltimore Pike, slender for Union Army supplies and preventing Confederate advance on Baltimore or Washington, DC, to the east and Confederates approaching from Rock Creek to the west, Culps Hill was critical to Union strategy. (Culps Hill) The Union had two main places throughout the three days they were locat ed. Cemetery Hill was the site of Armys weaponry.The hill is conjugation of Cemetery Ridge. The defense of the Union line begins to to turn east to form the fishhook line to Culps Hill. (Cemetery Hill) Cemetery Ridge is about two miles long and 40feet above surrounding land. The Confederate Army launched attacked the Union many times at Cemetery Ridge. These attacks took place on day two and three. On each attack they were forced to fall back on each occasion. On November 19, 1863 Abraham Lincoln gave a famous speech called The Gettysburg Address. The speech was a dedication to the Soldiers National Cemetery.Soldiers National Cemetery is a cemetery for Union soldiers killed at the Battle of Gettysburg. The speech is as follows Four score and seven geezerhood ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or an y nation so conceived and dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We confine come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live.It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate we cannot consecrate we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced.It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great labor remaining before us that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. (Gettysburg Address Text) The actual main speaker of the night was Edward Everett. He spoke for two hours all from memory. Finally, the Battle of Gettysburg was won by the Union.The war didnt end slavery, but instead furthered the advancement in ending slavery. Years after the war in 1865 the 13th amendment was adopted and slavery was then on out illegal. The war was not just about slavery, but also about taxes. The higher taxes came about to the south when Lincoln needed money. All in all the Battle of Gettysburg is the bloodiest war and had the most causalities. Works Cited Battle of Gettysburg. Summary Facts. N. p. , n. d. Web. 02 Dec. 2012. http//www. historynet. com/battle-of-gettysburg. Cemetery Hill. Gettysburg. N. p. , n. d. Web. 09 Dec. 012. http//www. historynet. com/cemetery-hill. Cemetery Ridge. History profit Where History Comes vivacious World US History Online Cemetery Ridge Comments. N. p. , n. d. Web. 09 Dec. 2012. http//www. historynet. com/cemetery-ridge. Culps Hill. History Net Where History Comes Alive World US History Online Culps Hill Comments. N. p. , n. d. Web. 09 Dec. 2012. http//www. historynet. com/culps-hill. The Devils Den. History Net Where History Comes Alive World US History Online The Devils Den Comments. N. p. , n. d. Web. 02 Dec. 2012. http//www. historynet. om/devils-den-gettysburg. The Gettysburg Address. History Net Where History Comes Alive World US History Online The Gettysburg Address Comments. N. p. , n. d. Web. 02 Dec. 2012. http//www. historynet. com/the-gettysburg-address. Gettysburg Address Text. History Net Where History Comes Alive World US History Online Gettysburg Address Text Comments. N. p. , n. d. Web. 10 Dec. 2012. http//www. historynet. com/gettysburg-address-text. Gettysburg Day Three. Ba ttle of Gettysburg, Gettysburg Battle Summary, Gettysburg Address. N. p. , n. d. Web. 01 Dec. 2012. http//www. ivilwaracademy. com/gettysburg-day-three. html. Little Round Top. Battle Summary Facts. N. p. , n. d. Web. 09 Dec. 2012. http//www. historynet. com/little-round-top. Picketts Charge. Picketts Charge. N. p. , n. d. Web. 02 Dec. 2012. . Samit, Christian G. Battle of Gettysburg Day Two. History Net Where History Comes Alive World US History Online Battle of Gettysburg Day Two Comments. Americas Civil War Magazine, 29 Aug. 2006. Web. 01 Dec. 2012. http//www. historynet. com/battle-of-gettysburg-day-two. htm.